10. Discover the Connection Between the Grand Unified Theory and the Fine Structure Constant

∙ The orbital speed of the lowest energy electron of a hydrogen atom in velocity of light units is obtained from balancing forces and using an angular momentum of one (in Planck constant units ).

m = electron mass, v = electron velocity, r = electron orbit radius, c = speed of light

= Fine Structure Constant

where (27) denotes the uncertainty in the last two decimals.

∙ The fine structure constant also is the ratio of the electromagnetic force to the nuclear force – also known as the electromagnetic coupling constant.

∙ Everything in the grand unified theory of physics is derived from a Maxwell-Baltzmann gas in which the rms speed  is larger than the mean speed  by the ratio .

∙ It is interesting that which is 6 parts in 10,000 smaller than the fine structure constant.