6. A Counter Example to the Second Law of Thermodynamics
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A Counter Example to the Second Law of Thermodynamics (1980)
It was not until eleven years after the discovery of the numerical connection of the fine structure constant and the Maxwell-Boltzman constants did we realize the significance of . In the condensation process of the neutrino it is presumed that background particles are brought in and aligned in the neutrino without changing their speeds (from the background). Once they are aligned they are squeezed together the form a solid (i.e., maximum density) core. Thus their inflow speed is , the background mean speed. During this final condensation process they maintain their energy constant so that their mean speed must increase to the RMS speed. This velocity jump from to is produced by shear forces on the side of the core. These shear forces on the core act forward in the direction of the neutrino motion and on the background opposite the motion. This jump in velocity thus is the speed of light. Hence,
We, therefore, know and with the accuracy that we can measure the speed of light.
We had the knowledge at the time of this paper (1980) to know completely what the fine structure constant is. I did not put it all together for some additional 20 years. Here it is, is the speed of electromagnetic waves. All forces in a kinetic particle universe must be proportional to the square of the velocities so is proportional to the electromagnetic force. We had already identified as the strong nuclear force velocity and thus is proportional to the nuclear force. Now, is the ratio of the electromagnetic to the strong nuclear force.
The title of the abstract probably should have indicated the importance of determining the mechanism controlling the speed of light. However, it was the first time I realized that the neutrino provided the mechanism for increasing entropy in the universe.
. In the condensation process of the neutrino it is presumed that background particles are brought in and aligned in the neutrino without changing their speeds (from the background). Once they are aligned they are squeezed together the form a solid (i.e., maximum density) core. Thus their inflow speed is 
, the background mean speed. During this final condensation process they maintain their energy constant so that their mean speed must increase to the RMS speed. This velocity jump from 
is produced by shear forces on the side of the core. These shear forces on the core act forward in the direction of the neutrino motion and on the background opposite the motion. This jump in velocity 
is proportional to the electromagnetic force. We had already identified 
is proportional to the nuclear force. Now, 
is the ratio of the electromagnetic to the strong nuclear force.