23. What causes magnetism?

            The undulation of a charged particle with its motion produces the same “breathing-sphere” phenomenon as that of the electrostatic field. Thus, two moving charges (in the simplest case) produces an interacting force given by

where is the electromagnetic force, “e” is the elementary charge magnitude, “v” is the velocity of the two particles, “c” is the speed of light, and “R” is their separation distance.

            The above phenomenon connects special relativity, quantum theory (via the wave resulting in matter by motion), and magnetism.